Exponential Backoff Retry Decorator in Python

import time
import random
import functools
from typing import Callable, Type, Tuple
 
def retry_with_backoff(
    retries: int = 3,
    initial_delay: float = 0.5,
    backoff_factor: float = 2.0,
    jitter: bool = True,
    exceptions: Tuple[Type[Exception], ...] = (Exception,)
):
    """
    Retries an operation with exponential backoff and optional jitter.
    """
    def decorator(func: Callable):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            delay = initial_delay
            attempt = 0
 
            while attempt < retries:
                try:
                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
                except exceptions as e:
                    attempt += 1
                    if attempt >= retries:
                        raise e
 
                    sleep_time = delay * (1 + random.uniform(0, 0.1) if jitter else 1)
                    print(f"[{func.__name__}] Attempt {attempt} failed: {e}. Retrying in {sleep_time:.2f}s...")
                    time.sleep(sleep_time)
                    delay *= backoff_factor
 
        return wrapper
    return decorator

import urllib.request
 
@retry_with_backoff(retries=4, initial_delay=1.0, exceptions=(urllib.error.URLError,))
def fetch_user_data(user_id: int):
    url = f"https://api.example.com/users/{user_id}"
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=5) as response:
        return response.read()
 
# Execution will automatically retry up to 4 times on transient network failures!
data = fetch_user_data(42)